Digital library Essay

digital program depository program program depository program program library An electronic library (colloqui bothy referred to as a digital library) is a library in which collections argon investment companyd in electronic media formats (as opposed to print, microform, or other(a)(a) media) and approach pathible via computers. 1 WikipediaVerifiabilityThe electronic capability may be stored loc anyy, or cominged remotely via computer net whole shebang. An electronic library is a type of cultivation retrieval arranging. In the context of the DELOS 2, a Network of Excellence on digital Libraries, and DL.org 3, a Coordination do workion on digital program library Interoperability, Best Pr wagerices and Modelling Foundations, digital library re assayers and practiti unitaryrs and softw argon developer produced a digital program library abduce Model45 which defines a digital library as A potentialityly practical(prenominal) organisation, that comprehensively collec ts, manages and preserves for the broad depth of time rich digital content, and set ups to its targeted substance ab white plaguer communities limitedised functionality on that content, of defined quality and fit in to comprehensive codified policies.6 The kickoff uptake of the shape digital library in print may energize been in a 1988 report to the passel for National inquiry Initiatives7WikipediaVerifiability The term digital libraries was first popularized by the NSF/DARPA/NASA digital Libraries Initiative in 1994. 8 These splice heavily on As We May infer by caravannevar Bush in 1945, which set break a vision not in basis of technology, except user experience. 9 The term virtual library was initially apply interchangeably with digital library, b arly is now earlier used for libraries that argon virtual in other senses ( much(prenominal)(prenominal) as libraries which aggregate distri howevered content).A distinction is lots made between content that was cre ated in a digital format, known as born-digital, and tuition that has been converted from a somatogenic medium, e. g. paper, by digitizing. It should withal be noted that not all electronic content is in digital data format. The term hybrid library is more or lesstimes used for libraries that engage both physical collections and electronic collections. For example, Ameri send away Memory is a digital library indoors the program library of Congress. Some important digital libraries also serve as long term muniment, such as arXiv and the meshing chronicle.Others, such as the digital Public program library of America, seek to make digital reading widely additionible through humankind libraries. 10 Academic repositories Many academic libraries be actively involved in building designal repositories of the institutions volumes, papers, theses, and other works which chiffonier be changed or were born digital. Many of these repositories argon made available to the gener al pothouselic with hardly a(prenominal) restrictions, in accordance with the goals of open access, in melodic line to the publication of research in mer reartile journals, where the publishers often limit access rights.institutional, truly free, and corporate repositories are sometimes referred to as digital libraries. digital autobiography Physical collects differ from physical libraries in s eeral ways. Traditionally, archives are defined as 1. Containing primary sources of information (typically letters and papers with extinct delay produced by an exclusive or organization) rather than the secondhand sources found in a library ( sacred scriptures, periodicals, etc. ). 2. Having their contents organized in groups rather than individual items. 3.Having unique contents. The technology used to create digital libraries is even to a greater extent(prenominal) revolutionary for archives since it breaks stilt the second and third of these general rules. In other words, digi tal archives or online archives leave behind still principally support primary sources, but they are identically to be described by the piece rather than (or in addition to) in groups or collections. Further, because they are digital their contents are good reproducible and may indeed have been 1 digital library reproduced from elsewhere.The Oxford Text Archive is generally considered to be the oldest digital archive of academic physical primary source clobbers. The future Large crustal plate digitization travails are underway at Google, the one million million million Book Project, and Internet Archive. With continued improvements in book handling and presentation technologies such as opthalmic character recognition and ebooks, and culture of alternative depositories and bloodline models, digital libraries are rapidly growing in popularity. Just as libraries have ventured into audio and motion-picture show collections, so have digital libraries such as the Internet Arc hive.Google Books project recently received a court victory on proceeding with their book-s nominatening project that was halted by the Authors guild. This helped open the road for libraries to work with Google to burst reach patrons who are accustomed to computerized information. One compute that gave Google an service is the libraries fair use argument. harmonise to Larry Lannom, Director of Information anxiety Technology at the noncommercial Corporation should be for National search Initiatives, all the problems associated with digital libraries are wrapped up in archiving. He goes on to state, If in light speed years people can still scan your article, well have solved the problem. Daniel Akst, author of The Webster Chronicle, proposes that the future of libraries and of information is digital. Peter Lyman and Hal Varian, information scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, bet that the realnesss total yearly production of print, film, optical, and ch arismatic content would require roughly 1. 5 zillion gigabytes of remembering. in that respectfore, they believe that soon it will be technologically realistic for an average person to access around all recorded information.11 depending Most digital libraries give a search interface which allows resources to be found. These resources are typically deep clear (or unperceivable web) resources since they frequently cannot be located by search engine crawlers. Some digital libraries create special pages or sitemaps to allow search engines to find all their resources. digital libraries frequently use the Open chronicle Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) to expose their metadata to other digital libraries, and search engines the like Google Scholar, Yahooand Scirus can also use OAI-PMH to find these deep web resources. 12 There are two general strategies for prying a federation of digital libraries 1. distributed searching, and 2. searching previously har vested metadata. Distributed searching typically involves a client send multiple search requests in parallel to a effect of servers in the federation. The consequents are gathered, duplicates are eliminated or clustered, and the remaining items are sorted and presented back to the client. Protocols like Z39. 50 are frequently used in distributed searching.A benefit to this approach is that the resource-intensive tasks of major powering and storage are left to the respective servers in the federation. A drawback to this approach is that the search weapon is limited by the different index and be capabilities of each database, do it difficult to assemble a combined depart consisting of the most(prenominal) relevant found items. Searching oer previously harvested metadata involves searching a locally stored index of information that has previously been collected from the libraries in the federation.When a search is performed, the search mechanism does not withdraw to make conne ctions with the digital libraries it is searching it already has a local representation of the information. This approach requires the presentation of an indexing and harvesting mechanism which operates regularly, connecting to all the digital libraries and querying the tout ensemble collection in order to discover virgin and updated resources. OAI-PMH is frequently used by digital libraries for allowing metadata to be harvested.A benefit to this approach is that the search mechanism has full control over indexing and ranking algorithms, possibly 2 digital library allowing more consistent results. A drawback is that harvesting and indexing systems are more resource-intensive and therefore expensive. Frameworks The formal reference models allow in the DELOS Digital program library indite Model13 and the Streams, Structures, Spaces, Scenarios, Societies (5S) formal framework. 14 The credit rating Model for an Open Archival Information strategy (OAIS) provides a framework to a ddress digital deliverance.15 mental synthesis and organization See also Digital Collections picking Criteria. Software There are a number of software packages for use in general digital libraries, for notable ones see Digital library software. Institutional alluviation software, which focuses primarily on ingest, preservation and access of locally produced documents, particularly locally produced academic outputs, can be found in Institutional repository software. This software may be proprietary, as is the sequel with the Library of Congress which uses Digiboard and CTS to manage digital content.digitisation In the past few years, procedures for digitizing books at advanced speed and comparatively low embody have improved considerably with the result that it is now possible to digitize millions of books per year. 16 Google book-scanning project 17 is also working with libraries to offer digitize books pushing forward on the digitize book realm. Advantages The advantages of digital libraries as a way of life of easily and rapidly accessing books, archives and images of various types are now widely recognized by commercial interests and public bodies alike.18 Traditional libraries are limited by storage quadriceps femoris digital libraries have the potential to store much more information, simply because digital information requires very(prenominal) little physical space to contain it. As such, the cost of maintaining a digital library can be much set out than that of a conventional library. A physical library must spend large sums of money remunerative for staff, book maintenance, rent, and additional books. Digital libraries may visit or, in some instances, do away with these fees. some(prenominal) types of library require composeuing input to allow users to locate and retrieve material. Digital libraries may be more willing to adopt innovations in technology providing users with improvements in electronic and audio book technology as intume sce as presenting new forms of communication such as wikis and blogs conventional libraries may consider that providing online access to their OPAC catalogue is sufficient. An important advantage to digital alteration is increased accessibility to users.They also increase approachability to individuals who may not be traditional patrons of a library, due to geographic location or organisational affiliation. No physical boundary. The user of a digital library need not to go to the library physically people from all over the instauration can gain access to the same information, as long as an Internet connection is available. staff the clock availability A major advantage of digital libraries is that people can gain access 24/7 to the information. Multiple access. The same resources can be used simultaneously by a number of institutions and patrons.This may not be the character reference for duplicaterighted material a library may have a authorize for lend out only one copy at a time this is achieved with a system of digital rights concern where a resource can become path little after expiration of the change period or after the lender chooses to make it inaccessible (equivalent to reversive the 3 Digital library resource). Information retrieval. The user is able to use any search term (word, phrase, title, name, subject) to search the entire collection.Digital libraries can provide very user-friendly interfaces, giving clickable access to its resources. deliverance and conservation. Digitization is not a long-term preservation solution for physical collections, but does succeed in providing access copies for materials that would otherwise fall to degradation from restate use. Digitized collections and born-digital objects pose many preservation and conservation concerns that linear materials do not. Please see the following Problems partitioning of this page for examples. Space.Whereas traditional libraries are limited by storage space, d igital libraries have the potential to store much more information, simply because digital information requires very little physical space to contain them and media storage technologies are more affordable than ever before. Added quantify. Certain characteristics of objects, primarily the quality of images, may be improved. Digitization can enhance legibility and mop up visible flaws such as stains and discoloration. 19 Easily accessible. Challenges Digital preservation.Digital preservation aims to ensure that digital media and information systems are still interpretable into the indefinite future. separately necessary component of this must be migrated, hold or emulated. 20 Typically lower levels of systems (floppy disks for example) are emulated, bit-streams (the actual files stored in the disks) are preserved and operating systems are emulated as a virtual machine. Only where the kernel and content of digital media and information systems are well understood is migration po ssible, as is the case for office documents.2122 However, at least one organization, the WiderNet Project, has created an offline digital library, the eGranary, by reproducing materials on a 4 TB hard drive. kind of of a bit-stream environment, the digital library contains a constitutional proxy server and search engine so the digital materials can be accessed using an Internet browser. Also, the materials are not preserved for the future. The eGranary is intended for use in places or situations where Internet connectivity is very slow, non-existent, unreliable, inapposite or too expensive. copyright and licensing Digital libraries are hampered by copyright law because, unlike with traditional printed works, the laws of digital copyright are still cosmos formed. The republication of material on the web by libraries may require permission from rights holders, and there is a conflict of interest between libraries and the publishers who may attentiveness to create online versions of their acquired content for commercial purposes. In 2010, it was estimated that xxiii share of books in existence were created before 1923 and therefore out of copyright.Of those printed after this date, only five percent were still in print as of 2010. Thus, rough seventy-two percent of books were not available to the public. 23 There is a dilution of responsibility that occurs as a result of the distributed nature of digital resources. Complex intellectual airscrew matters may become involved since digital material is not always owned by a library. 24 The content is, in many cases, public study or self-generated content only. Some digital libraries, such as Project Gutenberg, work to digitize out-of-copyright works and make them freely available to the public.An estimate of the number of distinct books still existent in library catalogues from 2000 BC to 1960, has been made. 25 The Fair Use supply (17 USC 107) under the Copyright carry of 1976 provide proper(postnominal ) guidelines under which circumstances libraries are allowed to copy digital resources. Four factors that constitute fair use are Purpose of the use, Nature of the work, Amount or substantialness used and ticktacket impact. 26 4 Digital library Some digital libraries acquire a license to lend their resources.This may involve the restriction of lending out only one copy at a time for eachlicense, and applying a system of digital rights management for this purpose (see also above). The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 was an act created in the united States to attempt to deal with the introduction of digital works. This Act incorporates two treaties from the year 1996.It criminalizes the attempt to fake measures which limit access to copyrighted materials. It also criminalizes the act of attempting to circumvent access control. 27 This act provides an exemption for nonprofit libraries and archives which allows up to three copies to be made, one of which may be digital.This may not be made public or distributed on the web, however. Further, it allows libraries and archives to copy a work if its format becomes obsolete. 28 Copyright let outs persist. As such, proposals have been put forward suggesting that digital libraries be exempt from copyright law. Although this would be very beneficial to the public, it may have a prejudicial economic effect and authors may be less inclined to create new works. 29 Another issue that complicates matters is the desire of some publishing houses to restrict the use of digit materials such as e-books purchased by libraries.Whereas with printed books, the library owns the book until it can no longer be circulated, publishers want to limit the number of times an e-book can be checked out before the library would need to salvation that book. HarperCollins began licensing use of each e-book copy for a maximum of 26 loans. This affects only the most popular titles and has no practical effect on others. After the limit i s reached, the library can repurchase access rights at a lower cost than the original price. 30 succession from a publishing perspective, this sounds like a good balance of library lending and protecting themselves from a feared decrease in book sales, libraries are not set up to manage their collections as such. They acknowledge the increased demand of digital materials available to patrons and the desire of a digital library to become expanded to include best sellers, but publisher licensing may hinder the process Metadata creation In traditional libraries, the ability to find works of interest is directly related to how well they were cataloged.While cataloging electronic works digitized from a librarys existing holding may be as simple as copying or despicable a record from the print to the electronic form, decomposable and born-digital works require substantially more effort. To conduct the growing volume of electronic publications, new tools and technologies have to be de signed to allow effective modify semantic classification and searching. While full text search can be used for some items, there are many common catalog searches which cannot be performed using full text, including finding texts which are translations of other texts. linking texts published under pseudonyms to the real authors (Samuel Clemens and Mark Twain, for example) differentiating non-fiction from parody (The Onion from The New York clocks, for example). cases 1 Greenstein, Daniel I. , Thorin, Suzanne Elizabeth. The Digital Library A Biography (http/ / www. clir. org/ PUBS/ reports/ pub109/ pub109. pdf). Digital Library coalition (2002) ISBN 1-933645-18-0. Accessed June 25, 2007. 2 http/ / www. delos. info 3 http/ / www. dlorg. eu 4 L. Candela, G. Athanasopoulos, D. Castelli, K. El Raheb, P. Innocenti, Y.Ioannidis, A. Katifori, A. Nika, G. Vullo, S. Ross The Digital Library Reference Model. April 2011 ( PDF (http/ / bscw. research-infrastructures. eu/ pub/ bscw. cgi/ d22 2816/ D3. 2b Digital Library Reference Model. pdf)) 5 L. Candela et al. The DELOS Digital Library Reference Model Foundations for Digital Libraries. Version 0. 98, February 2008 ( PDF (http/ / www. delos. info/ files/ pdf/ ReferenceModel/ DELOS_DLReferenceModel_0. 98. pdf)) 6 L. Candela, G. Athanasopoulos, D. Castelli, K. El Raheb, P. Innocenti, Y. Ioannidis, A. Katifori, A. Nika, G. Vullo, S.Ross The Digital Library Reference Model. April 2011, 17. ( PDF (http/ / bscw. research-infrastructures. eu/ pub/ bscw. cgi/ d222816/ D3. 2b Digital Library Reference Model. pdf)) 5 Digital library 7 Kahn, R. E. , & Cerf, V. G. (1988). The Digital Library Project brashness I The World of Knowbots, (DRAFT) An Open Architecture For a Digital Library System and a mean For Its Development (http/ / hdl. handle. net/ 4263537/ 2091). Reston, VA Corporation for National Research Initiatives. 8 Edward A. Fox. The Digital Libraries Initiative Update and Discussion.(http/ / www.asis. org/ bulletin/ O ct-99/ fox. html), Bulletin of the America Society of Information Science, Vol. 26, No 1, October/November 1999. 9 Candela, L. Castelli, D. & Pagano, History, maturation and Impact of Digital Libraries (http/ / www. igi-global. com/ viewtitle. aspx? titleid=47467& sender=4dcefe4d-ef33-4836-8eea-f02af2cc374d). In P. Iglezakis, I. Synodinou, T. & Kapidakis, S. (ed. ) E-Publishing and Digital Libraries Legal and Organizational Issues, IGI Global, 2011, 1- 30 10 Yi, Esther, Inside the signal to Put the Worlds Libraries Online (http/ / www. theatlantic.com/ entertainment/ archive/ 2012/ 07/ inside-the-quest-to-put-the-worlds-libraries-online/ 259967/ ), The Atlantic, July 26, 2012. 11 Akst, D. (2003). The Digital Library Its Future Has Arrived. Carnegie Reporter, 2(3), 4-8. 12 Koehler, AEC. Some Thoughts on the basaling of Open Access for University Library technical foul Services Serials Review Vol. 32, 1, 2006, p. 17 13 Agosti, M. , Candela, L. , Castelli, D. , Ferro, N. , Ioannid is, Y. , Koutrika, G. , Meghini, C. , Pagano, P. , Ross, S. , Schek, H. -J. , & Schuldt, H. (2006). A Reference Model for DLMSs Interim Report. In L. Candela, & D.Castelli (Eds. ), Deliverable D1. 4. 2 Reference Model for Digital Library Management Systems Draft 1. DELOS, A Network of Excellence on Digital Libraries IST-2002-2. 3. 1. 12, Technology-enhanced Learning and Access to Cultural Heritage. Online at http/ / 146. 48. 87. 1228003/ OLP/ secretaire/ 1. 0/ Disseminate/ delos/ 2006_WP1_D142/ content/ pdf? version=1 14 Goncalves, M. A. , Fox, E. A. , Watson, L. T. , & Kipp, N. A. (2004). Streams, Structures, Spaces, Scenarios, Societies (5S) A Formal Model for Digital Libraries. ACM minutes on Information Systems (TOIS),22 (2), 270-312.15 The DSpace team recognized the value of the OAIS framework and recast the repositorys architecture to accommodate this archival framework 16 Committee on Institutional Cooperation Partnership announced between CIC and Google (http/ / www. ci c. uiuc. edu/ programs/ CenterForLibraryInitiatives/ Archive/ PressRelease/ LibraryDigitization/ index. shtml), 6 June 2007, Retrieved 7. 17 http/ / www. google. com/ googlebooks/ library. html 18 European Commission stairs up efforts to put Europes computer storage (http/ / europa. eu/ rapid/ pressReleasesAction. do?reference=IP/ 06/ 253& type=HTML& aged=0& address=EN& guiLanguage=en) on the Web via a European Digital Library Europa press release, 2 prove 2006 19 Gertz, Janet. Selection for Preservation in the Digital sequence. Library Resources & Technical Services. 44(2) (2000)97-104. 20 Cain, Mark. Managing Technology Being a Library of Record in a Digital Age, diary of Academic Librarianship 296 (2003). 21 Breeding, Marshall. Preserving Digital Information. . Information Today 195 (2002). 22 Teper, doubting Thomas H. Where Next? Long-Term Considerations for Digital Initiatives. Kentucky Libraries 65(2)(2001)12-18. 23 Van Le, Christopher, possibleness the Doors to Digital Libraries A Proposal to absolve Digital Libraries From the Copyright Act, Case Western check Journal of Law, Technology & The Internet, 1. 2 (Spring 2010),135. 24 Pymm, Bob. Building Collections for All Time The Issue of Significance. Australian Academic & Research Libraries. 37(1) (2006)61-73. 25 superannuated Books (http/ / www. antiquebooks. net/ datatop. html) 26 Hirtle, Peter B. , Digital Preservation and Copyright, (http/ / fairuse. stanford. edu/ commentary_and_analysis/ 2003_11_hirtle.html) Stanford University Libraries. Retrieved October 24, 2011. 27 joined States Copyright Office, The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 U. S. Copyright Office Summary (http/ / www. copyright. gov/ legislation/ dmca. pdf) 1998, 2. 28 United States Copyright Office, The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 U. S. Copyright Office Summary (http/ / www. copyright. gov/ legislation/ dmca. pdf) 1998, 15. 29 Van Le, Christopher, Opening the Doors to Digital Libraries A Proposal to E xempt Digital Libraries From the Copyright Act, Case Western Reserve Journal of Law, Technology & The Internet, 1.2 (Spring 2010),145. 30 STROSS, RANDALL. For Libraries and Publishers, an E-Book Tug of warfare NYTimes. com. The New York Times Breaking watchword, World News & Multimedia. N. p. , n. d. Web. 6 Mar. 2013. 6 Digital library immaterial links CNRI-DARPA D-Lib Magazine (http//www. dlib. org/) Electronic publication that primarily focuses on digital library research and development http//www. librittio. com Worlds Most Advanced professional Digital Library System / Democratization of literary productionsThe Rise of the Digital Libraries on the Internet (http//www. reflectionedu.com/ attachments/ burden/Barnolipi/EngT_8_11. pdf) by Tarun Tapas Mukherjee.From BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal, Volume I, Issue II, 2011. http//fbc. pionier. net. pl/ Search Engine of Free Resources, available online in finishing Digital Libraries (http//www. barnolipi. com/) gro ups TPDL (http//www. tpdl. eu/) International Conference on Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries ECDL (http//ecdlconference. isti. cnr. it/) European Conference on Digital Libraries ICADL (http//www. icadl. org/) International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries JCDL (http//www. jcdl.org/) ACM and IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries ICSD (http//www. icsd-conference. org/) International Conference for Digital Libraries and the semantic Web 7 Article Sources and Contributors Article Sources and Contributors Digital library Sourcehttp//en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? oldid=570781509 Contributors April, 24fan24, 2A001620C050C8B01C9B27C17990, A. B. , Aap3030, Aarontay, Abdullah Albluchi, Acc60, Adoniscik, Afl2784, Aladin p, Alain Caraco, Alaniaris, Alexius08, Alf7e, Andrejj, Andy Dingley, Andyjsmith, Aragor, safe Kangaroo, Artdhtml, Ashenfelder, Ata, Ata.rehman, Azpayel, BadBull, Badan barman, Baileycw, Beetstra.BlindWanderer, Bob103051, Bomzhik, Bonadea, Bujar, Buridan, CVCE, Candela, Catfoo, Cej10, Ceyockey, Charivari, Chhotu372, Choukimath, Coldmachine, CommonsDelinker, Conversion script, Creationlaw, Curious1i, CutOffTies, Cwconservation, DGG, DaGizza, DabMachine, Dalf, Danny lost, Dawnseeker2000, DebbieWiLS, Deborah-jl, Denverjeffrey, Diglibs, Disavian, Djstasiewski, Dlkwiki, Dthomsen8, Dylan furnas, Eanc, Eilthireach, Enduser, Epbr123, Erianna, Evil saltine, Fatalityonline, Feedmecereal, Femto, Filterking.Floating red, Fmccown, Gaius Cornelius, Galka, Gareth Owen, Gego, Gouwepv, Greenrd, Greenteablues, Grika, Harris7, Hhanke, Hiogui, Hollymorganelli, Hu12, Ilsessay, Ipigott, Irbisgreif, Irishguy, Ithinkhelikesit, Ixfd64, JLaTondre, JakobVoss, Jaqian, Jchang12, Jeremykemp, Jewers, Jo 316, John, John Hubbard, Jpbowen, Jpom, Jsweetin, Jua Cha, Jweise, Kanags, Kansoku, Karen Johnson, Kattmamma, Katywatson, Kbel32, Kggy, Killian441, Kinu, Klemen Kocjancic, Ktr101, LadislavNK, Lawandtech, Lawsonstu, LeeNapier, Leonardo. candela, Loonymonke y, Lquilter, Ltfhenry, Lyc.Cooperi, Lysy, MBisanz, MK8, Maristella. agosti, Marselan, Martinlc, Masgatotkaca, Materialscientist, Mboverload, Mcanabalb, Mean as custard, Mets501, Mica Gomes, Michael Hardy, Mike. lifeguard, Missenc, Mmj, Mogh, Morbusgravis, Mordsan, MrOllie, Mseem, Mwisotzky, Mxn, Mairtin, Ncschistory, Nealmcb, NeilN, Neilc, Neo3DGfx,Nigholith, Night eule, Noisy, NorwalkJames, Notinasnaid, Nurg, OSU1980, Oicumayberight, OlEnglish, Olexandr Kravchuk, Olgerd, Omegatron, Pamplemousse, Patrick, PeepP, Phauly, Pinethicket, Pinkadelica, Poindexter Propellerhead, Poor Yorick, Prajapati Reena, Ps07swt, Ptgraham, Puckly, Padraic MacUidhir, Quadell, RJBurkhart3, Racheltaketa, Raghith, Rajankila, flush Farmbrough, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ).Rickprelinger, Rlitwin, Robert Thibadeau, Rozek19, Russell Square, SRHMGSLP, Sander Sade, Sandox, Sayeedmd, Senu, Sfiga, Shanes, Shyamal, SimonP, Skomorokh, Skysmith, Smmurphy, Spdegabrielle, Stbalbach, Stephen Burnett, Stephen Gilbert, Stevertigo, Strabon, StradivariusTV, Stuartyeates, Supersion, Svchameli, TWWhiting, TakuyaMurata, Targi, Tentinator, The Anome, The Evil Spartan, TheNewPhobia, Thebt, Thingg, Timeshifter.Tl246, Tlearn, Trapow, Travczyk, Treemonster19, Tregoweth, Trek011, Ttm1974, User A1, Utcursch, Vamshi 12345, Vanprooi, Vector Potential, Vicky877, Victorlamp, Viriditas, Volphy, WJetChao, Wavelength, Wayland, Wikiborg, Wmahan, Wya, YVSREDDY, Yerpo, Yosri, Zack wadghiri, Zundark, Zzuuzz, 302 anon. edits License Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3. 0 //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-sa/3. 0/ 8.