What is the Effect of Video Games on Society?

What is the Effect of Video Games on Society? Is playing video games great or terrible? It might be both. Video games are scowled upon by parents as time-wasters, and more regrettable, some training specialists imagine that these diversions degenerate the cerebrum. Violent video games are effectively faulted by the media and a few specialists as the motivation behind why some youngsters get vicious or submit compelling against social conduct. But numerous researchers and therapists find that video games can really have numerous profits – the principle one is making children keen. Video games might really show kids large amount of thinking aptitudes that they will require later in their lives. Video games change your brain, according to University of Wisconsin psychologist C. Shawn Green. Playing video games change the brain’s physical structure the same way as do learning to read, playing the piano, or navigating using a map. Much like activity can fabricate muscle, the effective synthesis of fixation and compensating surges of neurotransmitters like dopamine reinforce neural circuits that can build the brain. Below are the good and bad effects of video games, according to researchers and child experts: Positive Effects of Video Games When a person plays video games, it gives the persons brain a real workout. In many video games, the skills required to win involve abstract and high level thinking. These skills are not even taught at school. Some of the mental skills enhanced by video games include: -Following instructions -Problem solving and logic When kids play games such as The Incredible Machine, Angry Birds or Cut The Rope, they train their brain to come up with creative ways to solve puzzles and other problems in short bursts Hand-eye coordination, fine motor and spatial skills In shooting games, the character may be running and shooting at the same time. This requires the real-world player to keep track of the position of the character, where he/she is heading, their speed, where the gun is aiming, if the gunfire is hitting the enemy, and so on. All these factors need to be taken into account, and then the player must then coordinate the brains interpretation and reaction with the movement in their hands and fingertips. This process requires a great deal of eye-hand coordination and visual-spatial ability to be successful. Research also suggests that people can learn iconic, spatial, and visual attention skills from video games. There have been even studies with adults showing that experience with video games is related to better surgical skills. Also, a reason given by experts as to why fighter pilots of today are more skillful is that this generation’s pilots are being weaned on video games. Planning, resource management and logistics The player learns to manage resources that are limited, and decide the best use of resources, the same way as in real life. This skill is honed in strategy games such as SimCity, Age of Empires, and Railroad Tycoon. Notably, The American Planning Association, the trade association of urban planners and Maxis, the game creator, have claimed that SimCity has inspired a lot of its players to take a career in urban planning and architecture. Multitasking, simultaneous tracking of many shifting variables and managing multiple objectives In strategy games, for instance, while developing a city, an unexpected surprise like an enemy might emerge. This forces the player to be flexible and quickly change tactics. Quick thinking, making fast analysis and decisions. S ometimes the player does this almost every second of the game giving the brain a real workout. According to researchers at the University of Rochester, led by Daphne Bavelier, a cognitive scientist, games simulating stressful events such as those found in battle or action games could be a training tool for real-world situations. The study suggests that playing action video games primes the brain to make quick decisions. Video games can be used to train soldiers and surgeons, according to the study. Importantly, decisions made by action-packed video game players are no less accurate. According to  Bavelier, Action game players make more correct decisions per unit time. If you are a surgeon or you are in the middle of a battlefield, that can make all the difference. Accuracy Action games, according to a  study by the University of Rochester, train the brains of players to make faster decisions without losing accuracy. In today’s world, it is important to move quickly without sacrificing accuracy. Strategy and anticipation Steven Johnson, author of Everything Bad is Good For You: How Todays Popular Culture is Actually Making Us Smarter, calls this telescoping. Gamers must deal with immediate problems while keeping their long-term goals on their horizon. Situational awareness Defense News reported that the Army include video games to train soldiers improve their situational awareness in combat. Many strategy games also require players to become mindful of sudden situational changes in the game and adapt accordingly. Developing reading and math skills Young gamers force themselves to read to get instructions, follow storylines of games, and get information from the game texts. Also, using math skills is important to win in many games that involves quantitative analysis like managing resources. Perseverance In higher levels of a game, players usually fail the first time around, but they keep on trying until they succeed and move on to the next level. Pattern recognition Games have internal logic in them, and players figure it out by recognizing patterns. Estimating skills Inductive reasoning and hypothesis testing   James Paul Gee, professor of education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, says that playing a video game is similar to working through a science problem. Like students in a laboratory, gamers must come up with a hypothesis. For example, players in some games constantly try out combinations of weapons and powers to use to defeat an enemy. If one does not work, they change hypothesis and try the next one. Video games are goal-driven experiences, says Gee, which are fundamental to learning. Mapping Gamers use in-game maps or build maps on their heads to navigate around virtual worlds. Memory   Playing first person shooter games such as Call of Duty and Battlefield series enables players to effectively judge what information should be stored in their working memory and what can be discarded considering the task at hand, according to a study published in the Psychological Research. Concentration   A study conducted by the Appalachia Educational Laboratory reveal that children with attention-deficit disorder who played Dance Dance Revolution improve their reading scores by helping them concentrate. Improved ability to rapidly and accurately recognize visual information A study from Beth Israel Medical Center NY, found a direct link between skill at video gaming and skill at keyhole, or laparoscopic, surgery. Taking risks Winning in any game involves a players courage to take risks. Most games do not reward players who play safely. Teamwork and cooperation when played with others Many multiplayer games such as Team Fortress 2 involve cooperation with other online players in order to win. These games encourage players to make the most of their individual skills to contribute to the team. According to a survey by Joan Ganz Cooney Center, teachers report that their students become better collaborators after using digital games in the classroom. Management Management simulation games such as Rollercoaster Tycoon and Zoo tycoon teach players to make management decisions and manage the effective use of finite resources. Other games such as Age of Empires and Civilization even simulate managing the course of a civilization. -Simulation, real world skills The most well known simulations are flight simulators, which attempt to mimic the reality of flying a plane. All of the controls, including airspeed, wing angles, altimeter, and so on, are displayed for the player, as well as a visual representation of the world, and are updated in real time. -Video games help children with dyslexia read faster and with better accuracy, according to a study by the journalCurrent Biology. In addition, Spatial and temporal attention also improved during action video game training. Attentional improvement can directly translate into better reading abilities. Release of Aggression and Frustration. Violent video games may act as a release of pent-up aggression and frustration. When a person vents his frustration and anger in his game, this diffuses his stress. Games can provide a positive aggression outlet the same way as football and other violent sports. -A 2013 study by the Berlin’s Max Planck Institute for Human Development and St. Hedwig-Hospital found a significant gray matter increase in the right hippocampus, the right prefrontal cortex and the cerebellum of those who played Super Mario 64 for 30 minutes a day over two months. These regions of the brain are crucial for spatial navigation, strategic planning, working memory and motor performance. Indeed, the increased gray matter in these parts of the brain is positively correlated with better memory. Decreased gray matter is correlated with bipolar disorder and dementia. Whats also striking is that those who enjoyed playing the game has a more pronounced gain in gray matter volume. Thestudysuggests that video game training could be used to counteract known risk factors for smaller hippocampus and prefrontal cortex volume in, for example, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and neurodegenerative disease. Negative Effects of Video Games Most of the bad effects of video games are blamed on the violence they contain. Children who play more violent video games are more likely to have increased aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and decreased prosocial helping, according to a scientific study (Anderson Bushman, 2001). The effect of video game violence in kids is worsened by the games’ interactive nature. In many games, kids are rewarded for being more violent. The act of violence is done repeatedly. The child is in control of the violence and experiences the violence in his own eyes (killings, kicking, stabbing and shooting). This active participation, repetition and reward are effective tools for learning behavior. Indeed, many studies seem to indicate that violent video games may be related to aggressive behavior (such as Anderson Dill, 2000; Gentile, Lynch Walsh, 2004). However, the evidence is not consistent and this issue is far from settled. Many experts including Henry Jenkins of Massachusett s Institute of Technology have noted that there is a decreased rate of juvenile crime whch coincides with the popularity of games such as Death Race, Mortal Kombat, Doom and Grand Theft auto. He concludes that teenage players are able to leave the emotional effects of the game behind when the game is over. Indeed there are cases of teenagers who commit violent crimes who also spend great amount of time playing video games such as those involved in the Columbine and Newport cases. It appears that there will always be violent people, and it just so happen that many of them also enjoy playing violent video games. Too much video game playing makes your kid socially isolated. Also, he may spend less time in other activities such as doing homework, reading, sports, and interacting with the family and friends. Some video games teach kids the wrong values. Violent behavior, vengeance and aggression are rewarded. Negotiating and other nonviolent solutions are often not options. Women are often portrayed as weaker characters that are helpless or sexually provocative. Games can confuse reality and fantasy. Academic achievement may be negatively related to over-all time spent playing video games. Studies have shown that the more time a kid spends playing video games, the poorer is his performance in school. (Anderson Dill, 2000; Gentile, Lynch Walsh, 2004). A study by Argosy Universitys Minnesota School on Professional Psychology found that video game addicts argue a lot with their teachers, fight a lot with their friends, and score lower grades than others who play video games less often. Other studies show that many game players routinely skip their homework to play games, and many students admitted that their video game habits are often responsible for poor school grades. Although some studies suggest that playing video games enhances a child’s concentration, other studies, such as a 2012 paper published inPsychology of Popular Media Culture, have found that games can hurt and help childrens attention issues — improving the ability to concentrate in short bursts but damaging long-term concentration. Video games may also have bad effects on some children’s health, including obesity, video-induced seizures. and postural, muscular and skeletal disorders, such as tendonitis, nerve compression, carpal tunnel syndrome. When playing online, your kid can pick up bad language and behavior from other people, and may make your kid vulnerable to online dangers. A study by the Minneapolis-based National Institute for Media and the Family suggests that video games can be addictive for kids, and that the kids addiction to video games increases their depression and anxiety levels. Addicted kids also exhibit social phobias. Not surprisingly, kids addicted to video games see their school performance suffer. Kids spending too much time playing video games may exhibit impulsive behavior and have attention problems. This is according to a new study published in the February 2012 issue of the Journal of Psychology and Popular Media Culture. For the study, attention problems were defined as difficulty engaging in or sustaining behavior to reach a goal. When Im talking to people about why video games matter, I like to quote one of Woody Allens finest pieces of advice: Eighty percent of life is showing up. More than almost anything else, showing up matters. You cant find your talent for football if you never touch a ball. You cant make friends if you avoid other people. You cant get the job if you dont apply. Youll never write that screenplay if you dont start typing. Games are about everyone showing up. In classrooms full of students who range from brilliant to sullen disaffection, its games and often games alone that Ive seen engage every single person in the room. For some, the right kind of play can spell the difference between becoming part of something, and the lifelong feeling that theyre not meant to take part. Why is this? Video games are a special kind of play, but at root theyre about the same things as other games: embracing particular rules and restrictions in order to develop skills and experience rewards. When a game is well-designed, its the balance between these factors that engages people on a fundamental level. Play precedes civilization. It spans continents and generations. Its how we naturally learn the most basic mechanical and social skills and how, at its best, we can build a safe space for discovering more about ourselves. During her talk, Jane McGonigal discusses the top five regrets that people express at the end of their lives. People dont long for money, status or marble monuments. They wish theyd worked less hard, been better at staying in touch with friends, and more fully expressed their hopes and true selves. They wish they had shown up for more of the stuff that truly matters and one of the things that games like Janes do is create structures and incentives to help people focus on these things while they still have time. Some people are suspicious of any attempt to manufacture this kind of experience and I can understand why. Ispokeat TED Global 2010 about the ways that video games engage the brain, and in particular the idea of reward structures: how a challenge or task can be broken down and presented to make it as engaging as possible. This can seem a slightly sinister idea: a manipulation that replaces genuine experience with boxes to tick and hoops to jump through. At worst, you end up with a jumble of badges and achievements dumped on top of a task in a misguided effort to make it fun. From exam grading to health education to professional training to democratic participation, paths towards self-realization and success in the world are often daunting and obscure: journeys only the privileged feel confident setting off along. Tom Chatfield Yet the best games and the lessons to be learned from them are far more than this. The world is already full of systems aimed at measuring, motivating and engaging us. And most of them are, by the standards of great games, simply not good enough. From exam grading to health education to professional training to democratic participation, paths towards self-realization and success in the world are often daunting and obscure: journeys only the privileged feel confident setting off along. If theres one lesson we should take from games, its that we can make this first step vastly easier and more accessible and can, given sufficient care, prompt people of all backgrounds and abilities towards richer living. This isnt to say that its easy, obvious, or that games embody any royal road towards contentment. What modernitys potent mix of play and technology does offer, though, is an unprecedented opportunity to know ourselves better and, in doing so, to master our regrets before they become our destinies.

Ownership and Sense of Self: Argumentative Essay

Every prosperous thinker of the world has different views on the relationship between ownership and sense of self. Differences arise in the prominent topic, theory, and thought of the sense of self identity. With all kinds of theories, I see ownership of intangible skills as a part of building a self identity. I see it as Jean-Paul Sartre sees ownership as being â€Å"proficient in some skill† as it can build a bridge with ownership and sense of self. I believe ownership and knowledge of any certain skill can certainly add to a sense of self identity, character identity, and an understanding the importance of learning a skill. A sense of â€Å"owning† an intangible skill of an endless list is important towards a strong development with creating a sense of self. A lot of people wish for some sort of ownership, like a child wanting a toy or an adult wanting beneficial finances for themselves. Yet, do tangible items create what and who we are for ourselves instead of showing off to others? For me, learning and trying to master a skill, for example painting, is like an anchor because it’s not like an object that I can lose. This â€Å"anchor† can be beneficial to our development on learning and creating our identity. What I and others have learned and having an â€Å"ownership† over a skill can help develop and discover our sense of self. Ownership also builds up a character in us as it intertwines with our sense of being development. We build ourselves, our lives, and our nations with having skills, as it’s sufficient for our sense of self. Accomplishing one or many types of skills is an endless journey, almost as if a path builds up for people to cater to their character building. For example, religions, like Buddhism, have such a linkage with our minds and with character buildings and having skills. Skills contribute to this sense people want to have as having skills gives accomplishment to one. Our identity and character are set on our sense of self owning an intangible and growing skill. The sense of â€Å"owning† a skill or a type of knowledge is vital and important as well, as it’s beneficial for anything to get done for ourselves. For example, would having a lawyer without important and vital knowledge would  be effective in defending a client in court? The lawyer would be worthless in helping you in this situation. Not only does owning a skill help with identification and a sense of self, it can help us in almost everything we need to accomplish. We need to learn and own skills, basic or difficult, for people to find their sense of self and to cater to our needs that accompany with the ideas of ownership intertwining with our sense of self. Ownership is a step in the development of a sense of self, almost vital for lives. â€Å"Owning† a certain type of skill or knowledge can help finds one’s identity, build character, and understand the importance of having intangible skills. Different views are out there, though they almost connect. Does owing anything, tangible or intangible, really play in our development of sense of self? A sense of ownership and a sense of self can almost determine what we identify with. Our identity intertwines skills with our sense of self.

Economy of India Essay

India is a fastest developing country in the world. India, with its diversified culture, civilization, natural resources, technology and huge skilled human resources, is also a fastest growing economy in the world. But at the same time there are several problems plaquing our Modern India which is affecting the growth and development. These problems can be broadly classified as: Socio-economic Problems Other major Problems 1. Socio-economic Problems The major socio-economic problem being faced by India is ‘Poverty’. Even after six decades of independence, the country is still fighting against this social evil of poverty. It is estimated that nearly one third of Indian population of 1.21 Billion, i.e., nearly 426 millions of people are living below poverty line. Many go without a meal a day. Though Governments are struggling hard to eradicate poverty, the increasing population and mismanagement of government schemes, have fueled the growth of poverty. The population is growing at an alarming rate. In last ten years the population has grown by 0.20 billion. The positive effects of development are nullified by increase in population. Hence there is an urgent need to curtail population growth, by adopting strict family planning programmes by government. Apart from this there is also a need to increase rural and urban employment, by better management of Government Schemes like Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGREGS), Jawaharlal Nehru Rojagar Yojana (JNRY), etc. By strict implementation of these schemes poverty can be reduced to a substantial extent. The second most burning socio-economic problem of India is ‘Unemployment’. Nearly 9.4% of Indian population is unemployed. i.e., around 120 million people are either unemployed or underemployed. This large number of unemployment is of great concern and governments are devising new and effective schemes to curb this unemployment. Again by strictly implementing MGREGS and JNRY Schemes, it is possible to reduce the rate of unemployment. Since poverty is directly linked to unemployment, the schemes and effort by government to eradicate unemployment, also helps in eradicating poverty. 2. The Other Major Problems: The other major problem faced by India is lack of ‘Quality education’. Despite governments initiative in schemes like ‘Serva Shikhsa Abhiyana’( Education For All), many children in rural India, still do not have access to good schools and quality education. Further the rural children have to work to contribute to their family income, thereby denying time for education. Despite the government’s effort on compulsory education and child labour ban, many children are still not able to go to schools. Added to this lack of quality teachers is also a cause for decline in quality education. Poverty eradication and improvements of rural schools should be a priority area of concern for governments to address this problem. The next important social problem being faced by India is ‘Corruption’ Corruption is widespread in India. It ranks 72 among top most corrupt countries in the world. In India corruption takes the form of bribes, evasion of taxes, misappropriation of funds, embezzlement etc. A study found that more than 50% had firsthand experience of paying bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a public office. The main economic consequence of corruption, are loss to exchequer, an unhealthy environment for investment and increase in cost of government services. Apart from this Corruption also leads to an unethical society. This increases the already existing gap between poor and wealthy. This may lead to unrest and destruction of modern societies. This social evil needs to be curbed so as to bring back moral values in the society as well as to fill the widening gap between the haveones and havenots. The introduction of Lokpal Bill in the Parliament, its strict implementation and a moral fight against corruption may help in eradicating corruption in public life. The other major problem is ‘terrorism and naxalism’ this is also the offshoot of social inequality. Many youths in India, due to poverty and lack of education, have trodden the path of either terrorism or Naxalism. Naxalism though, having its root in Marxism, its main cause lies in unequal distribution of wealth. The root cause of terrorism in India is attributable to partly to Logistic fundamentalism and partly due to regionalism. If we curb these two basic issues, by removing social inequality and religious tolerance, and equal development in all the states, these menaces can be easily controlled. The above problems being faced by Modern India can not be solved just by Government Policies and Schemes, but these can be definitely addressed by people’s wholehearted participation and willingness to commit ourselves to Social values, equality and education.

It Cannot Be Broken - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 406 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/07/03 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Joy Luck Club Essay Did you like this example? So the Taiyuanese mother continued to choose their daughters-in-law, ones who would raise proper sons, care for the old people, and faithfully sweep the family burial grounds long after the old ladies had gone to their graves (Tan, Joy Luck Club, 51). It was only the mothers of the males that were the ones to go and find the girls who their sons marry and spend the rest of their lives with. These choices were very important since the sons wife would be the one to take care of the family matriarch in her old age, not the sons. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "It Cannot Be Broken" essay for you Create order Lindo knew she was getting a bad husband, but she had no choice. That is how backward families in the country were (Tan, Joy Luck Club, 51). Lindo did not agree with what was happening; she did not like how the customs went unchanged and women could still not choose their own husbands. We have made a contract. It cannot be broken (Tan, Joy Luck Club, 52), was the attitude. Even if the girl wanted to get out of her marriage, she was not able to because of the contract her family had signed saying their children would be married to each other. The contract was not allowed to be broken. The dowry was included in the marriage contract. All the heavy furniture and bedding has to be left behind, and these were promised to the Huangs as my dowry (Tan, Joy Luck Club, 53). A dowry needed to be provided from the girls family to make her more attractive and worthy of marrying. This was the first time I realized the Huangs had a much better position than my family. They looked down on us which made me understand why Huang Taitai and Tyan-yu had such long noses (Tan, Joy Luck Club, 54). Lindo will be lifted up in social standings because the family she was marrying into had a higher social standing. The Huang family looked down on Lindos family because they were from a lower class. Lindos family could not refuse the marriage offer because they wanted their daughter to have a higher standing and there may not be another chance. Before Lindo was married, she moved into the Huang house and was put to work right away. She did what she was told because she did not want to disgrace her family and she had made a promise to her parents that she did not want to break.

The Role of Fate in Macbeth - 1245 Words

Fate has sundry meanings. One of the meanings of fate: power that predetermines events. Destiny’s definition suggests that events will occur and do not change. Whatever unravels in life cannot change by mankind. The statement has undivulged meanings; fate has the opportunity to change if the person wants events to end differently. However, wrong decisions will only seal fate. In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, The fate becomes confirmed through Lady Macbeth wanting more power, Macbeth’s inner conflict, and the three witches tricking Macbeth and leading him to his demise. The witches give Macbeth prophecies that come true; but do not always work out right. The witches are talking about the confusion they will make â€Å"Fair is foul, and foul is fair.†¦show more content†¦Lady Macbeth becomes incensed at her husband â€Å"Naught’s had, all’s spent,/ Where our desire is got without content./ ‘Tis safer to be that which we destroy/ Than by dest ruction dwell in doubtful joy† (III.ii.4-7) that all will turn to nothing if Macbeth starts to feel guilty about killing. She tries to teach him how to become unemotional and fearless. All of these commands and actions cause Macbeth to have a war inside of him, leading him to his downfall. Raging inside of Macbeth appears as a war, he does not know how to handle the conflict. While he thinks his actions over, Macbeth says â€Å"That tears shall drown the wind. I have no spur/ To prick the sides of my intent, but only/ Vaulting ambition, which o’erleaps itself/ And falls on the other† (I.vii.25-28) he starts to think that he should not do the act of killing, but then again, his ambition says to go through with it. Causing this whirlwind to confuse what route he should take. Macbeth talks about â€Å"But let the frame of things disjoint, both the worlds suffer, Ere we will eat our meal in fear and sleep In the affliction of these terrible dreams That shake us nigh tly. Better be with the dead, Whom we, to gain our peace, have sent to peace, Than on the torture of the mind to lie In restless ecstasy† (III.ii.16-22) How he would rather have his world crumble beneath his feet than have fear and nightmares bother him. Ironically, he already has aShow MoreRelatedRole Of Fate In Macbeth1076 Words   |  5 Pages Fate is a powerful force, and whether or not fate is a constant in life or a figment of the imagination is a question that will forever remain unanswered. However, the nature of fate is cruel in that its obscurity makes people question the purpose of life. These views are all dependent on this fundamental principle – whether or not the intellect is stronger than the mind. Man’s ability to choose and allow their intellect to thrive over their mind dictates their potential to take control over fateRead More Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Macbeth - Important Role of Fate3032 Words   |  13 PagesConcept of Fate in Macbeth      Ã‚   Literary critics disagree over the amount of leverage which fate exerted on the Macbeths in the Shakespearean drama Macbeth. Fate was quite influential, but it did not impair their free will; they remained free moral agents who ambitiously and voluntarily surrendered themselves to the evil suggestions of fate.    Macbeth: If Chance would have me king, why, Chance may crown me without my stir. A.C. Bradley in Shakespearean Tragedy references Fate in theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare Has Remained A Powerful Literary Force1088 Words   |  5 Pageshis works are as well known as Macbeth. The play s epic tale of ambition and greed never fails to captivate audiences. The major themes of this quintessential work are hackneyed in the world of literary criticism: the role of ambition in Macbeth s demise, the role of spirits and witches in carrying out evil, the corrupting of human morals, and many other similar themes. However, another equally important theme is the struggle of fate and free will. 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William Shakespeare was born April 1564 and died May 1616, during his life Shakespeare wrote 37 plays, and 157 sonnets, Shakespeare is also knownRead MoreEssay Destiny, Fate, and Free Will in Shakespeares Macbeth974 Words   |  4 Pages Macbeth:nbsp; The Role of Fate nbsp; Fate plays an important role in Shakespeares Macbeth.nbsp; The weird sisters use fate to wreak havoc among the Scottish nobility.nbsp; Also, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth tempt fate.nbsp; Later in the play, Malcolm, Macduff and the other revolutionaries try to alter fate.nbsp; Fate can be many things to many different people.nbsp;nbsp; If one believes that fate is all-encompassing, then it becomes a perfect excuse for ones deeds.nbsp; Yet, to MacbethRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare Remains A Powerful Literary Force To1091 Words   |  5 Pagess works are as well-known as Macbeth. The play s epic tale of ambition and greed never fails to captivate audiences. The major themes of this quintessential work are hackneyed in the world of literary criticism: the role of ambition in Macbeth s demise, the role of spirits and witches in carrying out evil, the corrupting of human morals, and many other similar themes. However, another equally important theme is the struggle of fate and free will. In Mac beth, fate is the dominant force; the charactersRead MoreMacbeth was doomed by fate or by a flaw in his character.847 Words   |  3 PagesESSAY: In the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, it is very controversial whether or not Macbeth was doomed by fate or by a flaw in his character. It could be argued that Macbeth was doomed both by fate and by a flaw in his character. On one hand, the role of the witches influence could be regarded as a major external force that exploited Macbeth s character flaws. However, on the other hand, Macbeth s ambitious nature and greed for power was the flaw in his character that ultimately led toRead MoreAnalysis of the Actions of Macbeth and Doctor Faustus Based on Free Will and Fate1677 Words   |  7 Pageswhether the actions of Macbeth and Doctor Faustus in Shakespeare’s and Marlowe’s plays come from the characters themselves or whether they were following a predetermined fate. In the play The Tragedy of Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, each character’s destiny, or fate, seems to be predetermined by the supernatural and unpreventable by any actions meant to sto p it from occurring. The concept of fate is a large component in many Aristotelian Tragedies, such as Macbeth. However, in the tragedyRead More Fate vs. Freedom Essay1046 Words   |  5 Pages Fate may state what will be in ones life however, how that destiny comes about is a matter of mans own choice. In other words, incidents dont occur because our destinies are written. In the play Macbeth, Shakespeare expertly uses the theme of fate vs. free will and raises the pre-eminent question of which holds power over the characters. In Shakespeare’s tragedy, fate is not the cause of his downfall, his own desires and choices prove to be the deciding factor. There are several examples ofRead MoreThe Compromise Of Personal Moral Standards1678 Words   |  7 PagesMacbeth: The Compromise of Personal Moral Standards Macbeth was written by William Shakespeare in the early 1600’s in the time of King James I. King James I was James VI of Scotland before succeeding to the crown of England in the early 1600’s. Macbeth was written to please King James I as he had a desire to study the supernatural and their ability to control fate. The idea that everything moral has an evil counterpart can cause someone to struggle to maintain or regain their moral standards is

A Case Summary for Personality Psychology Essay - 1986 Words

A Case Summary for Personality Psychology James Cook University A Case Summary for Personality Psychology Biography Sam Smith is a typical 21-year-old adult who enjoys life and laughs at the simplest things. Sam is outgoing, cheerful, friendly and is always busy. He works at a Rental Property agency store where he enjoys learning and meeting new people. His interests involve sports, travelling, and inputting his vision into theatre. Sam’s experiences on diversity among personalities, cultures and atmospheres of the world have enabled him to connect with people on a greater, more personal level. Sam is studying psychology and aspires to work in a government agency to assist in the crime against drugs. Sam’s ideal†¦show more content†¦The table above shows Sam’s scores. Although there is no MMDI personality type questionnaire that is perfect, these test results are considered to be very accurate. The results in the IPIP-NEO test report provided estimates of Sam’s personality level for each of the five-factor personality domains. In addition to the description of each of the five personal trait domains, there is a provision of elaborate description of six personality attributes that every domain constitute. The table below elaborates on Sam’s test scores.Show MoreRelatedTenants Of Personality Theories And The Bible1274 Words   |  6 PagesTenants of Personality Theories and the Bible Christy Blackmon Liberty University PSYC 341 Abstract This is cumulative research of related resources pertaining to personality and articles that explore the foundations and progression of personality with reflections of Biblical input. Research into the ideas that form the foundation of personality include; nature versus nurture, the unconscious, and view of self and studies into the progression of personality including; development, motivationRead MoreReading A History Pioneers Of Psychology By R. 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Utilitarian Approach To Concept Of Equality - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Utilitarian Approach To Concept Of Equality. Answer: Introduction Managerial ethics is defined as the rules and principles that is handled by the management and this helps in analyzing what is right and wrong in a business organization. Ethics is referred to as the science of morality in different business organization. The managers are faced with the important decisions and they need to take these decisions in an ethical way. The managers must also take ethical decisions which have extended consequences. These also imply that the decisions taken by the manager must be in accordance with the implications of business environment. Sometimes, there are also some uncertain consequences and this ethical decisions are risk free. In the past few years the managers and authority of 7 Eleven has been facing various ethical issues in their business environment due to some of their wrong decision regarding the employees (Karp, 2018). Managerial ethics is important for organization to set their ethical behavior within their environment. Any hamper or bad impac t of such ethics leads to a lot of issue for the organization. Looking at the theoretical perspective, there are various ethical theories showing the ethical options available to the organization such as Utilitarianism, Deontological, egoism and other ethical theories. This paper will discuss Deontological and Utilitarianism approach of business ethics to explain the ethical dilemma faced by 7 Eleven in their business environment. The thesis statement of the paper is to highlight lack of corporate responsibility and leadership by the management committee of 7 Eleven that has led forced its employees to leave the job. Discussion 7 eleven is the longest international chain of convenience stores selling variety of products. The company operates various franchisee stores that are licensed. There are more than 56,000 stores in 18 countries and the company is still planning to expand in more regions. It comes under subsidiary and retail industry. It is a well known brand and loved by its customers in the global market due to its extra ordinary and unique products. The company has always maintained its growth strategy by offering extended services to its customers. This has helped the company to become the leader of the industry it operates. The company has also engaged itself in continuous innovation over time with its technology. According to the company, supplying convenience product is their choice; however, offering the best service is their main business criteria (The Conversation, 2018). The company also indulges itself in servant leadership in which it focuses on serving the best to its customers. The comp any has recently come up with various ATM services in their store and the stores will remain open 24/7 for the customers. The company has been known to follow strong corporate social responsibilities in its operations. It focuses on the people, planet and product. This has helped the company to reduce the energy used in the stores by 20 percent which will reduce further by 2025 and reducing the waste generated from packaging of products (ABC News, 2018). The company holds a strong franchisee chain by offering profitable options of franchisee stores to the dealers and suppliers. The company experiences a good increase in revenue, gross profit and net profit over the years. Increase in net profit in the year 2016 was experienced to be 19.39 percent. Recently, 7 Eleven faced an issue in its employment for the workers by ripping off capable workers. The workers were rip off from their job because of increase in the average pay. The problem of wages among 7 Eleven workers were investigated by Four Corners and Fairfax Media. The employees of 7 Eleven are not paid proper wages and they had decided to go on a strike, if their wages were not increased. 7 Eleven is one of the largest convenience store chain and after a joint investigation; it has been found that this company has paid the lowest salary to the employees in the past few years. Thus a huge rage was experienced by the politicians, lawyers and regulators on taking strict actions for solving employee exploitation issues. The scandal broke out and was found that the company is facing crisis of wages to pay to its workers. This has led them to buy out franchisee. The wage problem was evident in the franchisee stores across the countries. However, the scandal took a bad turn beca use 7 Eleven continuously ignored the wage fraud going on in the franchisee stores (Ferguson, 2018). The business is very happy to make huge profit by saving cost and ripping off workers. However, they failed to realize that their working environment has become a mere place for slavery. After the scrutiny carried out by the media team, forced 7 Eleven to keep a check on the wages and fraud going on in the business franchisee. There were many incidence of wage fraud in the organization in which workers were forced to work extra per day or carry out extra responsibilities without much rewards. There were workers that lived two roles in the store for weeks without getting paid for it. This was the strategy followed by the organization to save cost and earn higher profit. According to the report given by Four Corners and Fairfax Media, a worker is liable for approximately $30,000 unpaid wages. This was the situation of the workers getting exploited in 7 Eleven franchisee environment (Fr anchise.7-eleven, 2018). There were also cases in which the franchises covered up the true records by falsifying the records. The exploitation of workers due to low wages created a huge rage among the workers stating that the company is a big fraud as they are earning money through them not the business. The company also had to face high penalty for exploiting workers. A penalty of $1 million was put on the company by the Fair Work Ombudsman and the court. The matter was put in front of the Federal Circuit Court in which they were ordered to pay huge penalties to the underpaid workers. The court also ordered the business that they have to abide by the rule of minimum wage rate that applies to every worker across Australia. Such blunt action taken by the court served as a feeling of relief among the workers as they will get justice for the exploitation they have faced. The FWO has been able to take strict actions against nine stores of 7-Eleven in 2009, followed by many more stores in 2013-2014. Such strong actions against the 7 Eleven franchisee forced them to return back the wage to the workers. The worker s were taken to the ATMs to pay back their due wages (Franchise.7-eleven, 2018). However, some of the workers also went to violence to get back their underpaid wages. This creates a lot of chaos for among the workers and in the company. Deontological ethics is referred as morality based n the duty that an organization provides or conducts in its business environment. It depends on the moral decision made by the people and business depending on morality and good ethics. Deontological ethical theory describes that the actions taken by an organization or people are not justified by the consequences. This ethics saw its rise in the categorical imperative developed by German Philosopher Immanuel Kant. It is mainly focused on the consequences of the action that is being made by a person. In other words Deontological ethics is also referred to as virtue ethics. In order to justify the situation as right or wrong, it is essential to judge the actions made by a person (Chakrabarty Bass, 2015). Thus, morality is the main aim and belief of this type of theory. Thus, the theory largely show the relationship between morality and the actions that human beings conduct. Deontological theories are concerned with the morality choice s a person has while taking decision about a matter. All kinds of Deontological theories seem to have the same meaning such as showing the wrong and right effect of an action. Moreover, such an action is determined by the intrinsic feature of the action. However, the intrinsic feature that is shown gives an obligation to the behavior of a person to act in a certain way (Hoover Pepper, 2015). According to Deontologists it is believed that moral is just a duty that has to be conducted in a given situation. However, to perform good or bad duties depends on the action and not the consequences. This has been largely stated by Kants deontological ethics. Moreover, Greek philosophers Aristotle and Plato offered virtue model of ethical behavior. Virtue based ethics mainly focuses on qualities while taking a decision. It actually put stress on the relationship between the individuals that are planning to get into a relationship with each other. Another ethical theory was put forward by Thom as Hobbes and John Locke on right based ethical theory. According to this theory as stated by Kohen (2015), individuals should be deemed for various rights under them such as right to speech, right to freedom, right to privacy and various other rights. This version of ethical theory received further modification and better version by Immanuel Kant. Kant has put forward a better version of right-based ethical theory which shows the duty of the individual in performing moral actions. Similar ethical and unethical behavior is evident in the actions taken by 7 Eleven in their organization. The decision taken by them followed all possible behavior of being ethical, unethical and illegal. The ethical behavior is said to be the one that reserve the right of the people getting affecting by the behavior. 7 Eleven has taken certain step to support some employees that got affected by their behavior. The employees were called to take the underpayment back from their ATMs. However, the employees did had the right to know the job cut that the company implemented from before so that they could have reduced the impact of such decision. This goes with the deontological ethics that people have the right to be treated with respect. Kant talked about the moral worth and motivation in its theory that is necessary in a decision (Chakrabarty Bass, 2015). However, the scandal that took place in 7 Eleven did not follow any moral law and the company only focused at reducing cost of the company by ripping off workers. It did not give any attention to the morality and feeling of the workers in doing so. Moreover the decision taken by the management will have poor impact on the workers was known to the management and the company. Thus this decision is ethically incorrect as the workers were ripped off knowing that the decision is ethically incorrect and have bad impact on the life pf the workers. It has been stated by Broad (2014) that the hypothetical statement that has not been created or must have taken place is called the imperative. Such a decision taken by the manager easily proves that the company did not have any good motive for the workers. The decision on behalf of 7 Eleven is morally incorrect as it in no way created any positive impact on the workers. Moreover, the workers were impacted negatively and demotivated to work in any other place. 7 Eleven has taken a detrimental step just to get its own cost reduced and to increase profit margin, without reali zing its after affect that was created. Another important theory that is suggested in the ethical theories is the Utilitarian Theory. This theory was formulated in the back eighteenth century. It is called a rule based ethical theory which focuses on certain types of rules to get the maximum benefits to others. The concept was introduced by Jeremy Bentham and was modified by John Stuart Mil. The theory is more based on group interest rather than just focusing on individual interest. It is a collective form of ethical theory in which it states that every individual in the society is entitled to get the best benefit. It consider the situation or action that offers benefits and look at the interest given to all individuals (Arrow, 2017). The action should be such that leads to benefits to maximum number of individual. Thus the theory is mainly focused on the consequences an action might lead to that is taken by the business or an individual. Moreover there is a situation of trade off attached to this theory. This is because u tilitarian theory always try to judge two decision, the impacts each of them have on the society and finalize the decision that is having positive impact on maximum number of individual. Thus it focuses to reduce the harmful effect by increasing the net benefit, which means a decision should be such that has benefits more than its negative impact. Thus the decision making process attached to Utilitarian theory is a cost benefit analysis which the stakeholders of the business has to make. However, the decision that are made only visualizing own benefit and not realizing others benefit falls under the egoism part of the Utilitarian approach (Nantel Weeks, 2016). Greatest good for the greatest number is the actual motive of this theory. Thus it places the wrong action and right action separately by analyzing the outcome of every action taken. Benthams principle of utility is another Utilitarian approach in ethical theory which states the role of pain and pleasure in the life of a human and approves or disapproves of the pain that is caused by the action. The pain and pleasure stated in Benthams theory is measured by four criteria such as intensity, duration, certainty and uncertainty. On the other hand John Stuart Mill intends the Benthams theory by stating that more than the quantity of pleasure, it is the quality of pleasure that matters in human life. Thus Utilitarian is known as a normative approach theory that judges right or wrong only based on the result. In their view Sinclair and Walker (2016) states that happiness can never be quantifies, it can only be measured by its quality. The Utilitarian ethical theory can be applied in 7 Eleven situation in which various situation in the issue faced by the organization and the consumer is a choice. The situation offers various option in which the most appropriate option needs to be chosen to get the best result. There are two option that the company faces in this present situation. One option is offering employment to the workers and design different action of cost cutting. The other option is to cut down the employees and save the cost of the company. Thus they had two choice, in which one focuses on the profit of the organization and the other focuses on the benefit of the employees. However, it is seen that Utilitarian does permits some wrong actions by providing two options to the decision maker to decide the option that offers maximum utility (Nantel Weeks, 2016). Moreover, rule utilitarian also defines the validity of the moral action that is being taken by the decision maker. Promise is the main factor of the decision as in both the condition the decision maker will keep one promise by breaking another. Thus, whether the action is right or wrong can be judged by analyzing the breaking of the promise. In this situation 7 Eleven made two promises, one to the employees and another to the company stakeholders. One was to reduce the cost of the company in any way and another is to provide employment security to its employees. Thus, it is seen that the company has broken the promise made to the employees by ripping off the workers to save the cost of the business. Thus, the promise breakage of the company caused various hazardous impact on the employees. Moreover, Utilitarian also suggest that greatest happiness helps in gaining greatest number to the company. Thus the decision taken by the company to reduce cost will help them to earn increasing profit in future. However, the breach of human rights that the company conducted will lead to loss of trust on behalf of the employees affecting the company in a great way. Moreover, the action also affected the brand name of the company that it has made in the mind of the people (Arrow, 2017). The customers of the company will have the perception that the company does not value their employees and fails to maintain an ethical environment. This further has a negative impact on the customers creating a loss to the company. Thus, ethical theory describes the ethical consideration and choice that company faces in its business environment. The choices hamper the business in a great way as the business choose to decide to act morally or immorally. Companies are hot with various option which can either benefit the company or the others related to it. The decision of the company to act depends on the ethical theories such as Deontological and Utilitarian approach. Conclusion From the above analysis it can be deduced that ethical theory highly effect the ongoing market scenario. The ethical theories has positive and negative impact on the organization. Every organization faces two or more choice while taking an ethical decision in the company. the choice that the company choose from these option may be for its own benefit or the benefit of others. However, the choice is largely affected by the two theories of ethics such as Deontological theory and Utilitarian theory. Both the theory have different perspectives as one defines the action by the consequences and the other does not. This, creates the different in the decision taken by the companies. Similarly, 7 Eleven faced two options while deciding to decrease their cost. One was to cut off its employees and the other to find better cost effective method of operations. However, the decision it took has negative impact on the company. Instead of thinking about the benefits of all, the company chose to bene fit itself. Thus, they followed egoism concept of Utilitarian theory. However, it had negative impact on the trust of the employees of the company and also the customers. Thus, ethics play a crucial role in defining the decision of the company. References ABC News. (2018).7-Eleven court penalties top $1 million, says Fair Work Ombudsman. Retrieved 23 January 2018, fromhttps://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-07-25/7-eleven-court-penalties-now-top-1-million/8740706 Arrow, K. J. (2017). A utilitarian approach to the concept of equality in public expenditures.The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 409-415. [doi.10.//242021985-2016-54] Broad, C. D. (2014).Five types of ethical theory(Vol. 2). Abingdon: Routledge. Chakrabarty, S., Bass, A. E. (2015). Comparing virtue, consequentialist, and deontological ethics-based corporate social responsibility: Mitigating microfinance risk in institutional voids.Journal of Business Ethics,126(3), 487-512. [doi.10.1007/s1055-013-1963 ] Ferguson, A. (2018).Revealed: How 7 Eleven is ripping off its workers. Smh.com.au. Retrieved 23 January 2018, fromhttps://www.smh.com.au/interactive/2015/7-eleven-revealed/. Franchise.7-eleven.com. (2018).7-Eleven Franchise Costs | 7-Eleven Franchise. Retrieved 23 January 2018, fromhttps://franchise.7-eleven.com/franchise/the-financials. Hoover, K. F., Pepper, M. B. (2015). How did they say that? Ethics statements and normative frameworks at best companies to work for.Journal of Business Ethics,131(3), 605-617. [doi.org/10.1080/08853134.2015.1010542] Karp, P. (2018).7-Eleven workers beaten and forced to pay back wages, Senate inquiry hears. the Guardian. Retrieved 23 January 2018, fromhttps://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/feb/05/7-eleven-workers-beaten-and-forced-to-pay-back-wages-senate-inquiry-hears. Kohen, D. (2015). A role for virtue ethics in the analysis of business practice.Business Ethics Quarterly, 533-539. [doi.10.2307/3857397] Nantel, J., Weeks, W. A. (2016). Marketing ethics: is there more to it than the utilitarian approach?.European Journal of Marketing,30(5), 9-19. [doi.10.//242021985-2016-54] Sinclair, F. L., Walker, D. H. (2016). A utilitarian approach to the incorporation of local knowledge in agroforestry research and extension.Agroforestry in sustainable agricultural systems, 245-275. [doi.10.23/ 1566702941/2016-46] The Conversation. (2018).Can 7-Eleven be trusted to clean up its own mess? Retrieved 23 January 2018, from https://theconversation.com/can-7-eleven-be-trusted-to-clean-up-its-own-mess-59302